Forest Products Industry

Horses play a key role in forest management and in reducing the risk of wildfires in Mediterranean forests, thanks to the adaptability of their eating habits. This is the conclusion reached by an interdisciplinary study led by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the University of Lleida (UdL), recently published in the journal Agroforestry Systems. Source: Timberbiz The research, which included the participation of Boumort Wildland, the Miranda Foundation, the Forest Horses association, and the University of Barcelona (UB), reveals that horses adapt their diet according to breed, environment and use. This flexibility helps them play a complementary role alongside other herbivores in sustainable fire prevention strategies, given that their grazing reduces fuel loads and maintains open landscapes. The study was co-authored by researchers from the Department of Animal and Food Science at the UAB Jordi Bartolomé and Araceli Gort-Esteve. “Until now research on extensive herding and forest fire prevention has focused mainly on sheep and goats, with some isolated studies done on breeds of rustic cattle. There have been very few studies on horses within this context, since traditionally they are classified as plant grazers that have little effect on woody vegetations,” said Ariadna Nieto-Espinet, Ramón y Cajal researcher at the UdL and zooarchaeologist. “Our work is one of the first to use empirical data to analyse their potential in forest management in the Mediterranean.” The study analysed three specific cases with the aim of exploring the potential of horses in clearing forest undergrowth. At the Boumort National Game Reserve, the Przewalski’s horses live in semi-freedom in a mosaic landscape with a low herd count of 0.02 animals per hectare (ha) and year. At the Garraf Natural Park, the rustic Pottoka horses continuously grazed and also roamed in semi-freedom for one year, with a low herd demography (0.2 animals/ha/year). The third case examined crossbred horses grazing for short periods of time, with supplementary food and a high animal count (2.5 animals/ha for the duration of one and a half months). The team analysed the horses’ diet based on 50 fresh faecal samples. “We used microhistological analysis of plant epidermis in faeces and advanced statistical models to obtain a precise assessment of the shifts in diet of these animals,” said Araceli Gort-Esteve, researcher at the UAB and the Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC-CSIC). Among the species found were woody plants of the Quercus, Juniperus and Pistacia genera, and other herbaceous species such as the Mediterranean false brome (Brachypodium retusum). The results indicate that Przewalski’s wild horses, in a mosaic landscape with patches of forest, scrub, and meadows, keep the fields cleared throughout the year by eating mainly grasses, with little impact on woody vegetation. Rustic breeds, such as the Pottoka, adapt to long periods of grazing by initially consuming fine, highly flammable grasses, and then moving on to woody plants as the grasses are depleted. They effectively manage both fine and coarse fuels, contributing to the control of the undergrowth. Finally, crossbred horses, subjected to intensive short-term grazing with supplementary feeding, quickly move from fine fuels to woody plants, demonstrating their potential for targeted management actions. “The results with Pottoka and crossbred horses clearly show that horses, considered grazers with a preference for grasses, can quickly adapt to available resources, including woody species. This flexibility makes them a valuable resource for fire prevention strategies in Mediterranean landscapes, complementary to sheep and goats,” said UAB lecturer Jordi Bartolomé Filella. “Rustic breeds, often less valued today, have a great adaptive capacity that makes them key in silvopastoral tasks. Our study shows that horses can not only contribute to undergrowth control, but also to the maintenance of open spaces and mosaic landscapes,” said Ariadna Nieto-Espinet. The research team agrees that more long-term studies are needed to quantify the direct impact of horses on reducing flammable biomass. Nevertheless, they believe that their dietary adaptability could make them a promising tool in more sustainable forest management strategies, especially in a context of climate change, rural depopulation, and increased risk of fires. Original article: Gort-Esteve, A., Filella, J.B., Molinero, X.R. et al. Dietary strategies of feral and domestic horses under varying grazing pressures: insights for Mediterranean forest management. Agroforest Syst 99, 208 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01291-9  

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Sweden and Finland could suffer “dire” economic consequences if they are forced to harvest less forest for wood products in order to meet their EU-mandated climate targets, according to the two countries. Source: Reuters As part of the European Union’s plans to reach net zero emissions by 2050, Sweden and Finland have been tasked with increasing the amount of CO2 bound up by forests. Industry and environmental groups both see forests a key part in fighting climate change. Forestry firms stress the economic benefits, sustainable management and the role of biofuels and wood in replacing fossil fuels, plastic and concrete. But scientists have warned that over-logging, monoculture and other industry practices are reducing the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide and put Europe’s climate goals at risk. In a joint letter to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Sweden and Finland said their targets – an increase in CO2 uptake of around four million tonnes annually by 2030 for Sweden and three million tonnes for Finland were unrealistic. Reduced logging would “entail dire consequences for our economies as well as labour markets” the two countries said in the letter. Forests cover around 70% of Finland and Sweden. Wood products make up more than 10% of Sweden’s exports and almost a fifth for Finland. More than 200,000 people work in the sector. EU governments are currently negotiating the 2040 climate target and the role of forests a key question. Sweden and Finland said they supported an EU-wide net emission reduction target of 90% for 2040 covering both emissions and removals, but that targets must be realistic. “A successful future for Europe relies on a successful clean transition, combining growth, jobs and decreased emissions,” they said.

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One of the great challenges of ecology is to understand the factors that maintain, or undermine, diversity in ecosystems, researchers write in a new report in the journal Science. The researchers detail their development of a new model that — using a tree census and genomic data collected from multiple species in a forest — can predict future fluctuations in the relative abundance of those species. Source: Timberbiz University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign plant biology professor James O’Dwyer led the new research with Andy Jones, a professor of botany and plant pathology at Oregon State University, and James Lutz, a professor of forest ecology at Utah State University. O’Dwyer has spent most of his career studying the factors that drive ecological change and using that knowledge to build models that reliably predict how individual species and forest communities will change over time. “This work is crucial because changes in abundance or loss of a species from a forest can have cascading effects on other species,” O’Dwyer said. Forests with lower tree diversity are more susceptible to attack by pathogens or pests. Being able to predict which species are at risk could help understand how forests will change in the future. “Species diversity is lower in forests of the western United States than in other parts of the US, but most species have unique roles in the forest,” said Lutz, who, since 2010 has conducted an annual census of the Wind River Forest Dynamics plot in southern Washington state, the focus of the new study. “Losing one species, when there are few to begin with, could result in a less productive forest and potentially one that doesn’t support as many small plants or animals.” But predicting future changes in species abundance is a formidable task, the researchers said. “In a forest, there are constantly varying environmental conditions, as well as different tree neighbourhoods, with species competing for resources like sunlight and water,” Lutz said. “Neighbouring trees influence each other while living and after death, as snags and wood, all amidst variation in rain and soil conditions.” Simply collecting the data needed to determine which elements are most influential requires years of painstaking work. Luckily for the researchers, many long-term studies of forests are well underway, led by teams of scientists all over the world. Some of these efforts are organized under the Smithsonian Forest Global Earth Observatory, which has amassed data from 78 sites across the world spanning several decades. The Wind River Forest Dynamics Plot is one of those sites. The new study uses data from that plot to build on previous modelling efforts. In a 2023 study published in the journal Nature, O’Dwyer and graduate student Kenneth Jops developed a model for predicting whether two or more species will continue to coexist in a shared environment. That approach focused on the life history traits of each species, which primarily consist of timelines of how fast each organism grows, reproduces and dies. From a matrix built from this data, along with a census of trees in the forest, the model calculated each species’ “effective population size.” Two species with the same or similar effective population sizes were more likely to continue to coexist, the researchers found. “The upshot of that study is that we identified certain combinations of life histories across plant communities that act to maintain diversity over longer timescales, while other combinations would lead to lower diversity,” O’Dwyer said. In a more recent study of a tropical forest in Panama, another ForestGEO site, O’Dwyer and his colleagues extended the approach to multispecies systems, finding that the effective population size was helpful in predicting short-term population fluctuations. “We were able to infer those life history differences because we had access to data from one of the most well-studied forest plots in the world,” O’Dwyer said. “With anything less than the decades of data from that plot, our estimates would have been much less reliable.” But collecting decades of data from a single forest is not feasible for most studies, and the team sought to find a more streamlined approach. Instead of collecting life history data for dozens of species over decades, Jones led an effort to collect genomic data from about 100 individuals of each of eight species of trees that make up roughly 90% of the stems and almost all the biomass in the Wind River plot. These were not complete genomes, but a sampling of genes that, the researchers hoped, would reflect key events in the life history of each tree species. “Effective population size is a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, first described almost 100 years ago. Although the true nature of the factors that ultimately determine effective population size is complex, it is perhaps easiest to think of it as the number of individuals that contribute offspring, and therefore their genes, to the next generation,” Jones said. “The effective population size is typically lower — sometimes much lower — than the number of trees of a species that we can count in a forest. This is because some individual trees leave more offspring than others, which is how populations evolve. When this occurs, we find an increase in non-random associations between genes.” “That balance between random and non-random associations in the genome is closely related to effective population size,” O’Dwyer said. “Those life history traits are in the background, shaping that genomic data. I would say the genome is like a hidden recording device of the history of that species in that forest.” The researchers incorporated the genomic data into their model, which also included data from a census of all the trees over one centimetre in diameter in the Wind River plot in 2011. The model accurately predicted fluctuations in the abundance of the eight species in 2016 and 2021, outperforming other models. “The predictions were highly correlated with the observed fluctuations in abundance,” O’Dwyer said. “That’s very exciting.” “My sense is that the population genomic variation that we’re looking at is an underused resource,” […]

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The world-first publication of a reference genome for radiata pine represents a big step forward for forestry science and innovation. The large and complex genome – more than eight times the size of the human genome, at over 25 billion base pairs – provides powerful tools to improve productivity, wood quality and radiata pine trees’ resilience to environmental stress. Source: Timberbiz It allows scientists to identify and target the genes that influence key traits such as growth rate, wood quality, drought tolerance and disease resistance – highlighting the value of integrating cutting-edge genomics into real-world breeding programs. The genome has not been fully decoded until now, and this research makes it one of the largest plant genomes ever sequenced. Published in the G3 journal, the genome is the result of more than 10 years of work led by the Scion Group of the Bioeconomy Science Institute, in collaboration with the Radiata Pine Breeding Company (RPBC), New Zealand’s Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), the Public Health and Forensic Science Institute (PHF) and the University of Tasmania. Radiata pine is one of the southern hemisphere’s most important commercial tree species and has long been a cornerstone of New Zealand’s plantation forestry industry. Despite its economic value, the species is considered threatened in its native California range. With the release of this reference genome, researchers now have the tools to preserve genetic diversity, support conservation and accelerate climate resilience and adaptation strategies. “Having a reference genome for this species is a big step forward for breeding while also helping support conservation of the species in its native range,” says Dr Tancred Frickey, senior bioinformatician at the Bioeconomy Science Institute. The genome acts as an instruction manual for how radiata pine trees grow, develop and respond to their environment. This information is a crucial step toward accelerating the forestry industry’s ability to breed trees with highly desirable characteristics such as improved growth rates or resistance to drought and disease more reliably and precisely. The project began in 2012. In 2014 a NZ$6 million investment co-funded by RPBC and MBIE was established to include in the project the development of the world’s first radiata pine 36k SNPchip, backed by the international conifer genomics community. This single-nucleotide polymorphism chip is a tool scientists can use to select the right traits when breeding radiata pine. Shane Sturrock, a senior scientist at the New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science and a co-author of the study, says the team had to acquire a specialised system that combined high memory, processing power and storage in one. “At the time, it was one of the most powerful single computers of its kind.” With the release of the final reference genome, the project has reached a major milestone. “This marks the start of a new era of precision forestry,” Mr Sturrock said. “Traditionally, developing new tree varieties with these characteristics could take decades. But now, with the complete genome in hand, we’re entering a new phase of innovation where breeding and research can happen faster and with greater accuracy.” Radiata Pine Breeding Company general manager Darrell O’Brien says this breakthrough reflects the importance of sustained collaborative investment in science and shows what New Zealand can achieve at the cutting edge of forestry innovation. “By bridging advanced genomics with real-world breeding programs, this research sets a global benchmark for sustainable forestry and biodiversity conservation.”

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The Victorian Forest Products Association has welcomed this week’s announcement by the Federal Government of a $1.1 billion Cleaner Fuels Program, which has the potential to supercharge Victoria’s future production of low-carbon liquid fuels. Source: Timberbiz VFPA CEO Andrew White said the program could be a game-changer for the plantation forestry and renewable energy sectors in Victoria, supporting establishment of new markets for plantation wood residues, while helping to decarbonise hard-to-abate industries like shipping and aviation. “Victoria’s sustainably managed plantations and wood processing sector can be a cornerstone of the future biofuel economy. Plantation wood fibre residues and byproducts that might otherwise go to waste, will be transformed into renewable low-carbon fuels – helping to decarbonise heavy transport, shipping, and aviation,” he said. “Victoria’s plantation timber industry is poised to provide significant volumes of wood residues as feedstock, which will generate new income streams for growers and processors, and support new jobs in low-carbon fuel manufacturing in regional Victoria.” In western Victoria, for example, HAMR Energy is progressing plans to establish a renewable fuels facility in Portland, seeking to convert wood residues and renewable hydrogen into low-carbon methanol for aviation and shipping. Mr White said the new program complemented the sector’s broader policy agenda in Victoria, off-the-back of the recent release of the Victorian Wood Fibre Roadmap 2050. “Cleaner fuels are a positive for regional jobs, for our climate, and for energy security. By backing cleaner fuels made from Victorian forestry by-products, the government is also backing our foresters who are world leaders in innovative, sustainable production,” Mr White said. “We will continue to work with governments and industry to ensure the emerging policy framework supports the plantation wood fibre industry as a key supplier.”

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  Usually, a trifecta is a good thing, until you get three ducks (and a diamond duck) at the start of your first cricket season in a new club, in a new town, and an award is created in your honour. Thankfully, he’s scored more runs since, and his career as a John Deere technician has also taken off – bagging the 2025 John Deere Australian & New Zealand Construction & Forestry Service Technician of the Year Award. Source: Timberbiz Growing up in Richmond, in North West Queensland, Damian Aspinall lived a life many children would envy given his proximity to large machinery. His grandfather had a small earthmoving business and when his father bought a grader when he was 12, the passion for machinery and mechanics was ignited. He later started an apprenticeship with the local council, where he was first exposed to John Deere equipment after a 770G grader was added to the fleet. After relocating to Roma two-and-a-half years ago and securing a role with RDO Equipment, Mr Aspinall said he was excited to learn new skills on the range of John Deere construction equipment. He also paid tribute to the strength and camaraderie of his friends and colleagues in Roma. “I’m over the moon,” he said. “This award is a big thanks to all the team back in Roma. Without them I wouldn’t be here. Everyone in the team relies on everyone and we all learn from each other.” When asked about his career aspirations, mentoring the dealership’s apprentices was at the top of his list. “I just want to continue doing what I am doing and helping the apprentices come along and for them to reach their best potential,” he said. “We’ve got three apprentices back at Roma. They’re all good young fellows and it would be a great feeling to sign them all off.” John Deere Technician of the Year awards 2025: Australian Agriculture & Turf Service Technician of the Year Daniel Popovici, AFGRI Equipment, Albany, Western Australia New Zealand Agriculture & Turf Service Technician of the Year Bryce Dickson, Brandt, Whangārei, New Zealand Australian & New Zealand Parts Technician of the Year Poppy Blohm, AFGRI Equipment, Narrogin, Western Australia Australian & New Zealand Construction & Forestry Service Technician of the Year Damian Aspinall, RDO Equipment, Roma, Queensland Australian & New Zealand Service Apprentice of the Year Henry Barkley, Haeusler’s, Mildura, Victoria Australian & New Zealand Parts Apprentice of the Year Olivia Barsley, Hutcheon & Pearce, Cowra, New South Wales

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The Victorian government is pushing ahead with plans to convert about 65,000ha of state forests into national parks in Victoria’s central west, with new legislation introduced to parliament last week. Source: Weekly Times The move will see existing state park areas rebadged as national parks in state forests including Mount Buangor, Pyrenees and Wombat-Lerderderg. Areas in Cobaw, Hepburn and Bendigo regional parks will become conservation parks along with the Mirboo North Immediate Protection Area. Environment Minister Steve Dimopoulos said the government was “protecting what Victorians love most about our great outdoors, so that they can continue to experience and enjoy nature and attract more visitors to the regions”. “The new parks provide safe homes for our famous wildlife and boost local regional economies by keeping Victoria at the top of every visitor’s bucket list,” Mr Dimopoulos said. The parks would continue to be accessible for such activities as bushwalking, camping, horse riding, four-wheel driving, dog walking, fishing and seasonal deer hunting, he said. But Eastern Victoria Nationals MP Melina Bath said the move did not reflect what the community wanted. “This will lock up significant areas of state forests in the Wombat Pyrenees area, but the Labor government has an extremely bad track record on diversity and conservation,” Ms Bath said. The legislation comes after the government promised not to rebadge areas in the Yarra Ranges, Kinglake, Lake Eildon, and Baw Baw national parks, as well as the Bunyip, Cathedral Ranges, and Moondarra state parks. It was recommended that 75% of the region’s 389,725ha of state forest be converted into “a large protected area such as a national park” that would include areas previously used for native timber harvesting.

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The Australian Forest Products Association has welcomed the Federal Government’s acknowledgement that its decision to pursue a 62-70% below 2005 level emission reduction target by 2035 cannot be achieved without the contribution of the forestry sector’s entire supply chain. Source: Timberbiz “We acknowledge the Government’s sector plans announced alongside the new 2035 target, especially the Agriculture and Land Sector Plan and Built Environment Sector Plan, which point to enormous opportunities for forestry to be an essential part of the decarbonisation solution,” Chief Executive Officer of AFPA, Diana Hallam said. “We will engage with the Commonwealth to ensure forestry, and its supply chain can help meet the Government’s targets, with the biggest possible.” Ms Hallam said that by using timber in new homes and buildings to displace carbon intensive construction materials, wood-fibre based packaging instead of plastics, paper and tissue products, power poles and even garden and mulch products alongside production trees absorbing carbon as they grow, the forestry sector would help Australia’s national economy decarbonise while providing essential employment and economic contributions for the nation. “We will work specifically with the Albanese Government on existing initiatives like the Support Plantation Establishment Program (SPEP), the continued and necessary contribution from sustainable native forestry and how industry and the government can partner through the processing and manufacturing cogs of our supply chain, as the country works towards net zero,” Ms Hallam said. “Australia’s former Chief Scientist, Professor Ian Chubb said it best on the release of the Australian Carbon Credit Unit (ACCU) review, stating, ‘the only pathway known to science that has immediate capacity to remove greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 from the atmosphere is photosynthesis’. Australia’s sustainable forestry sector grows, processes and manufactures trees into a range of essential products locking up carbon at scale.”

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Tasmania’s Premier Jeremy Rockliff plans to push ahead with plans to build the Macquarie Point stadium despite the Tasmanian Planning Commission recommending against it, by taking it to a vote in State Parliament. Source: Timberbiz Mr Rockliff said the Commission report massively underestimated the social and economic benefits of the stadium, the Tassie Devils AFL and AFLW teams, and a supercharged events industry would have on Tasmania. “Stadiums are complex, and this is the reason why across the nation special laws are used to approve them, instead of the traditional planning scheme,” he said. “The Commission has done its job, and I thank them. A panel, set up by the Tasmanian Planning Commission, this week recommended parliament reject the $1bn-plus project, which would have featured the largest timber roofed stadium in the world concluding: “The benefits are outweighed by the disbenefits …The Panel recommends that the Project should not proceed”. Mr Rockliff said that at the beginning of the process, it was known that elected members of Parliament would have the final vote on the project. “It is now time for MPs to have their say,” he said. Both the Liberals and Labor support the stadium, meaning it should pass the lower house. However, it faces a trickier path through the independent-dominated upper house, which the two major parties don’t control. Multiple independents are anti-stadium, and several are on the fence. The fixed dome-shaped roof was an important part of the design and is a condition of Tasmania’s licence for AFL and AFLW entry in 2028.

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Spring has sprung and with it a much-welcomed improvement in demeanour for most people. While winter will be missed about as much as Benjamin Doyle, we are all well aware of the fierce rain events and subsequent carnage that spring can deliver so we are not out of the ‘woods’ yet. There’re generally a few key changes in the forest industry that come into play during spring. Firstly, the Chinese log demand starts increasing as the hot season dissipates and workers start to return to construction projects and, secondly, New Zealand supply also increases relatively quickly as things dry out and prices improve both in domestic and export markets. This historically plays out with reasonable export price increases towards the back end of spring that carry through summer until a supply/demand imbalance sees prices drop around Chinese New Year holidays. What, if anything’s different this year? Production. Annual exports to China from NZ totalled a shade over 20 million m3 each year between 2022 and 2024 following a peak of 23 million in 2021. If you plot out NZ’s current run rate, we will be looking at total NZ log exports of around 16.8 million in 2025 of which only 15 million will be China bound (1.1M to Korea, 400K to India and 300K to Japan). The last time we exported volumes as low as 15 million m3 to China was in 2013. Where has that production gone one would ask? You only have to scan ‘logging equipment’ on Trademe or drive past a machinery sales yard to see that a significant number of harvesting contractors are no longer in business. Successive years of tough trading and increased pressure from councils, making it almost impossible to practically harvest in some regions, have forced many to the wall with others only just hanging in there by the grace of their finance companies and the IRD. Having said that, when prices increase above the NZ$125/m3 level and the sun shines, we generally see an increase in harvest activity and it’s surprising where volume can come from. However, with around eight weeks from stump to China, the reaction to increased deliveries is slow to be felt in the market. Back to the ‘what’s different this year’ question is the higher than usual winter export prices. Generally, winter prices are well below what we have experienced this year, which results in a reasonable amount of harvesting gear parked up waiting for better times. Although winter prices weren’t great this year, they were at a level that allowed much of that machinery that would usually be idle to tick over, albeit slowly. This all adds up to the inability/unlikelihood of NZ reacting at previous levels to the traditional stimuli which gives rise to the distinct potential of a reasonable undersupply going forward should China come out of the blocks with increased demand. Current in-market inventory levels are still reducing and sit around the 2.7 million m3 mark, down 150k from August which doesn’t give a very large buffer if demand spikes even marginally. September export prices are largely flat with lower foreign exchange offsetting increased shipping costs and slightly lower CFR sales prices. Many were expecting increased CFR and at wharf gate prices for September, however a slight wrinkle emerged in the form of an inventory issue in China which has put the jitters around traders. This wrinkle involves a discrepancy between the actual inventory on the port and the volume recorded on the balance sheet of a large LC (letter of credit) company. There are a number of theories around how this has eventuated but suffice to say it’s a big enough problem that many LC companies have tightened their criteria and some have stopped issuing LC’s until it is resolved. It’s not the first time this kind of jiggery pokery has occurred and it’s likely the wrinkle will get unwrinkled, and the market will return to normal trading conditions (whatever they are). As wrinkles go, there’s a potentially larger one brewing in the form of Trumps tariffs. NZ timber exports to the USA are currently exempt from tariffs but there is widespread belief that the Don will announce a tariff on NZ timber products in early to mid-October. This will specifically affect those sawmills that saw pruned logs with the US market being the largest for clear lumber exported from NZ, currently worth NZ$400M annually. Trade Minister, Todd McLay has recently been in Washington spreading the good word with US trade representatives (although Leo Malloy may have more appealed to Trumps negotiating persona) and it is hoped they will see the importance of NZ timber to their construction industry. If a tariff is imposed, it is unknown what level it will be set but it will likely be the single most significant decision that will affect the NZ sawmilling industry, ever. The decision to close the Eves Valley Sawmill in Nelson came as a huge surprise to most and, although it is part of a consolidation strategy into the Carter Holt Harvey Kawerau site, it is cold comfort to those that have lost their jobs. The announcement is a double blow for those forest owners that have been affected by the recent windthrow event in the region, and it is hoped that the mill will continue to operate for a period to assist with the salvage. So, a few dark clouds for us wood folk this month but we’re a resilient bunch and used to getting punched on the nose. We’re getting good at adapting to change, whether it’s regulatory, weather or market related and tend to come out firing on all 8 cylinders once the dust settles. Let’s just hope the tariffs aren’t an uppercut. Marcus Musson, Forest360 Director.  

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