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A new paper published in Nature Communications reveals how the way tree species are arranged in a forest can help optimise ecosystem functioning and productivity. Source: Timberbiz The study was conducted using empirical field data combined with advanced computer models and simulations by researchers at the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). The researchers found that the way tree species are arranged in a forest, whether clustered or randomly spread out, impacts productivity. This so-called species spatial heterogeneity, which refers to the patterns of species distribution within a forest, such as block or line planting, affects how nutrients cycle through the ecosystem. “For decades, biodiversity research has emphasised the benefits of mixing species for productivity and carbon storage. However, this approach is rarely implemented, largely due to the absence of practical guidelines that account for real-world forestry constraints”, first author Rémy Beugnon and postdoc at iDiv said. The models show that random planting designs increased tree biomass by 11% compared with clustered layouts. A more even spread of tree species helps promote the even distribution of the fallen leaves, boosting nutrients and organic matter recycling, according to the authors. The rate of carbon decomposition after nine months also increased with greater spatial heterogeneity, rising from 36.5% of carbon being decomposed in block designs to 47.1% in random designs. Notably, line planting where alternating rows of different tree species are used, provided a middle ground between ecological benefits and ease of forest management, achieving 40.4% of carbon being decomposed after nine months. Another key factor is the overall diversity and number of species present in a given forest stand, regardless of their arrangement. More diverse forests, with a wide range of species present, showed higher nitrogen and carbon cycling compared to less diverse configurations. This provides a more diverse mix of resources for decomposers and promotes decomposition. “The combination of experimental analyses and predictive modelling could be used to evaluate different scenarios of forest management. Besides the experimental validation of these findings, an important next step will be to know how general our conclusions are and whether they apply to different types of forests,” co-author Benoit Gauzens of iDiv and the University of Jena said. From a practical standpoint, the researchers note the balance required between securing ecological benefits and forest management. While random planting designs maximise ecological outcomes including more biodiversity, enhanced nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration, line planting offers a manageable compromise, simplifying tasks like thinning and harvesting. Looking ahead, researchers envision extending these computer-based findings by conducting long-term field experiments to validate the study’s results in real-world contexts. Such trials would further investigate the interaction between tree species diversity, spatial arrangement, and ecosystem function, helping develop new approaches to reforestation and sustainable forestry. “This study is an important example of how basic research can inform management applications under field conditions: we can leverage biodiversity in forests if we arrange it in the right way,” said Nico Eisenhauer, professor at Leipzig University and group head at iDiv. “Moreover, we see how local interactions between trees, their microclimate, and soil biodiversity can scale up to enhance multiple ecosystem services in forests.” The paper can be downloaded at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61389-7    

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The global pulp and paper industry has moved through 2025 with more signs of strain thus far as mill closures and production curtailments continue to mount. These shutdowns both permanent and temporary, are unfolding across regions. They are affecting a wide range of operations, from containerboard mills in North America to pulp and specialty facilities in Europe and the South Pacific. Sources: Timberbiz, Resource Wise This wave of closures follows a similar pattern seen in recent years but appears to be intensifying. Companies are citing a variety of reasons for the decision such as rising costs, shifting demand, aging assets. Global Mill Closures in 2025 Several significant closures have been announced or implemented in 2025: International Paper: Shut down its Campti, Louisiana containerboard mill in April, citing decreased demand for packaging products and efforts to streamline operations. Georgia-Pacific: Announced the closure of its containerboard mill in Cedar Springs, Georgia, effective August, as part of a strategic move to optimize its manufacturing footprint. Smurfit WestRock: Closed its St. Paul, Minnesota CRB mill and ceased production at the Forney, Texas containerboard mill, focusing on more efficient facilities post-merger. Greif: Permanently closed its Fitchburg, Massachusetts and Los Angeles, California recycled paperboard mills due to high operating costs and limited integration opportunities. Metsä Board: Closed its Tako board mill in Tampere, Finland, in response to weakened market demand and rising operational costs. UPM Communication Papers: Announced the closure of its Ettringen, Germany paper mill by July, aligning capacity with profitable demand amid market overcapacities. Oji Fibre Solutions: Ceased operations of Paper Machine 6 at its Kinleith Mill in Tokoroa, New Zealand, by the end of June, as the paper production line was loss-making. In this environment, the ability to anticipate and strategically respond to mill closures is essential. This holds true not just for producers, but for suppliers, customers, and investors across the value chain. That’s where advanced benchmarking tools like FisherSolve’s Viability Benchmarking Module come in. This powerful module evaluates mills based on factors like: Cost Position Technical Age Carbon and Environmental Performance Mill Integration and Logistics Capital Needs The pulp and paper industry is undergoing structural transformation. Energy, labour, environmental expectations, and consumer behaviour are all evolving, and mills that can’t keep up are increasingly being retired.

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